This workshop provided an open discussion forum to identify, propose and prioritise specific challenges, success and risk factors in the development of vaccines against nosocomial AMR pathogens. Participants included experts in clinical vaccine development from industry, academia and regulatory agencies, as well as experts in innovative clinical trial designs. General discussion topics covered pre-existing clinical conditions in the target population, heterogeneity of bacterial strains, heterogeneity in the study population, study phase-specific issues and aspects of innovative trial design. The workshop answered the two following questions:

• What factors are systematically associated with successful development of vaccines against AMR pathogens?
• How can an improved clinical trial design accelerate the R&D of bacterial vaccines?